Evaluation of Water Quality and Management Approaches: A Comparative Analysis of Lake Beratan and Lake Tamblingan

by Ketut Sumerjana

The comparative analysis of water quality and management techniques between Lake Beratan and Lake Tamblingan uncovers critical insights into the physico-chemical factors influencing water quality in these linked lakes. The study used Geographic Information System (GIS) and Water Quality Index (WQI) approaches to evaluate water samples gathered in both dry and rainy seasons. According to Chitradevi et al., 2021, and Călmuc et al., 2020, the results categorize Lake Tamblingan's water quality as "good," with Water Quality Index (WQI) values of 62.5% in the dry season and 49.7% in the wet season, while Lake Beratan's water quality is considered "excellent," with WQI scores of 43.23% and 45.7% for the corresponding seasons.

The findings highlight the significance of comprehending the interrelationship of various water bodies, especially with water quality management. The integration of GIS with WQI provides a comprehensive framework for assessing and monitoring water quality, allowing stakeholders to pinpoint pollution sources and execute effective management plans (Makanda & Nzama, 2023; Călmuc et al., 2020). The research underscores the need for continuous surveillance to prevent further contamination and pollution, stressing the importance of adequate water treatment before consumption (Serio et al., 2021).

The evaluation of water quality using WQI is essential for guaranteeing the safety of water resources for human consumption and ecological well-being. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an integrative instrument that consolidates many water quality characteristics into a singular index, thereby enhancing the communication of water quality status to policymakers and the public (Hamza, 2024; Tyagi et al., 2020). This method facilitates the detection of pollution trends and underpins the formulation of targeted measures to enhance water quality and sustainability in the area (Sharma et al., 2022).

The comparative examination of Lake Beratan and Lake Tamblingan illustrates the efficacy of GIS and WQI techniques in evaluating water quality. The results support the adoption of strategic management approaches to protect water quality, ensuring these essential resources stay safe for consumption and ecological sustainability against rising human-induced pressures (Chitradevi et al., 2021; Serio et al., 2021).

Figure 1 water Quality Index

Figure 2 water Quality Index

Figure 3 Water Quality Index Comparison

 

Figure 4 Water Quality Indeks of Lake Beratan and Tamblingan

References

Chitradevi, R., Jeyaraj, M., Ghadamode, V., Poonkodi, K., Venkadasamy, R., & Magudeswaran, P. (2021). Assessment of water quality using modified water quality index and geographical information system in madathukulam taluk, tiruppur district, tamil nadu, india. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 37(5), 1210-1220. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370528

Călmuc, M., Calmuc, V., Arseni, M., Topa, C., Timofti, M., Georgescu, L., … & Iticescu, C. (2020). A comparative approach to a series of physico-chemical quality indices used in assessing water quality in the lower danube. Water, 12(11), 3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113239

Hamza, Z. (2024). Application of water quality index in assessing water quality: a case study of the shatt al arab river.. Technium Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 21, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.47577/technium.v21i.10737

Makanda, K. and Nzama, S. (2023). Assessing feasibility of water resource protection practice at catchment level: a case of the blesbokspruit river catchment, south africa. Water, 15(13), 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132394

Serio, F., Martella, L., Imbriani, G., Idolo, A., Bagordo, F., & Donno, A. (2021). The water safety plan approach: application to small drinking-water systems—case studies in salento (south italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084360

Sharma, A., Malik, D., Kamboj, V., & Sharma, A. (2022). Waterbody status of upper ganga basin and its major tributaries using enviro‐assessment techniques. World Water Policy, 8(2), 216-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12084

Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Dobhal, R. (2020). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3

THE POWER OF MUSIC: A COMPREHENSIVE EXPLORATION

by Ketut Sumerjana
 

INTRODUCTION
Music has intrigued scholars and researchers for centuries [1], [2], [3]. The importance of music in human experience is evident, spanning from ancient Greek and Chinese philosophies that acknowledged its significant role in character formation to modern scientific studies exploring its neurological and psychological impacts. This investigation examined the diverse influence of music, including its effects on cognitive development, emotional control, social connections, and therapeutic uses. We will consolidate data from various study approaches, recognize limits, and emphasize areas that require additional exploration.
 
MUSIC AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A significant amount of evidence indicates a robust connection between music and cognitive development, especially in children and adolescents [6], [7]. Susan Hallam and Evangelos Himonides' publication, "The Power of Music: A Research Synthesis," thoroughly examines the effects of active music-making on cognitive, social, and personal growth [6], [7]. Their revised book extends previous research by including a broader age spectrum and examining the significance of music across a lifetime, particularly its implications for health and well-being [6]. The intricate nature of this connection warrants further investigation; however, the data indicate that musical instruction may improve certain cognitive abilities. This includes enhancements in memory, concentration, and problem-solving capabilities, as well as linguistic and mathematical proficiencies. Acquiring proficiency in playing an instrument specifically improves coordination and motor abilities [8]. The exact cognitive and neurological processes responsible for these benefits continue to be the subject of active research [4]. Further research is needed to fully understand the link between listening to music, certain cognitive functions, and the brain mechanisms that control these functions.
 
MUSIC AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION
People acknowledge the ability of music to elicit and influence emotions. Juliana Zapata-Cardona, M. C. Ceballos and Berardo de Jess Rodríguez emphasized music's capacity to affect physiological conditions and overall well-being, proposing a trans-specific impact on both humans and non-human animals [9]. Their study highlighted the potential of music as an environmental enrichment tool to enhance the well-being of caged animals [9]. The capacity of music to influence mood and emotional states has been well documented. Research conducted by Somani and Somani on the impact of music on mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic demonstrated the impact of music on relaxation, inspiration, mood, and emotional expression [10]. Nonetheless, they observed that the effect of music is dependent on the listener's selection, as melancholic music may exacerbate bad feelings [10]. This highlights the importance of personal preferences and the need for customized musical interventions in therapeutic settings. Katrina Skewes McFerran and Suvi Saarikallio examined young people's opinions on the ability of music to enhance well-being [11]. Their results underscore the potency of positive beliefs, even within conflicting experiences with mental health issues [11]. This underscores the need for personal accountability when harnessing the power of music, especially in therapeutic contexts [11].
 
MUSIC AND SOCIAL CONNECTIONS
Music contributes significantly to social connections and cohesiveness. N. Wallin, B., Merkur, S., Brown, W. Freeman presented a neurobiological framework to explain how music helps people connect. They suggested that dancing is a way for the brain to connect with each other and build strong communities [12]. Their study used anthropological and psychological ideas to show how rhythmic activities caused by music might lead to altered states of consciousness and increased trust between people [12]. This viewpoint enhances studies on the influence of music on romantic relationships [13]. The mixed-methods research by Julia Vigl, Joshua S. Bamford, Abbigail Fleckenstein, and Suvi Saarikallio demonstrated music's role in fostering closeness and passion, especially throughout the attraction and development stages of partnerships [13]. In addition, research was conducted by R. Granot, Daniel H. Spitz, Boaz R. Cherki et al. examined the efficacy of music in preserving well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic [14]. Their results demonstrated music's efficacy in achieving many well-being objectives such as pleasure, emotional release, and self-connection, underscoring its function as a universal tool for managing stress and isolation [14].
 
MUSIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Many health and wellness settings acknowledge the therapeutic power of music. Shantala Hegde's research emphasizes the underutilized potential of Indian classical music in music therapy for mental health, highlighting the many cultural manifestations of music's therapeutic efficacy. Sandra L. Siedliecki and Marion Good examined the impact of music on pain, despair, and disability, contrasting researcher-supplied music with participant-selected music [16]. Their results showed that music may help with pain relief and make people feel more powerful, which supports its potential as an extra treatment [16]. A review by Thakare and Agrawal on music therapy in neurological practice illustrates the impact of music on many physiological parameters, such as pain regulation, exercise performance, and autonomic functioning [17]. Bedanto Bhattacharjee's research underscores music's significance in tackling severe mental health and drug use problems [18], while G. Basile's study illustrates music's capacity to mitigate stress, enhance mood, and activate brain function in the recovery from traumatic injuries [19]. Junrui Huang and Xiaoqing Li's analysis examines the extensive impacts and applications of music therapy on psychological well-being [20], while Alfredo Raglio underscores the significance of the therapist-patient interaction in music therapy [21]. These studies jointly demonstrated the many uses of music therapy and its capacity to enhance physical and mental health.
 
MUSIC AND PUBLIC HEALTH
The impact of music encompasses public health programs designed to prevent and manage infectious illnesses [22]. Julio A. Benavides, Cristina Caparrs, Ramiro Mon da Silva, and associates emphasize the use of music in health campaigns to advocate practices that mitigate emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) [22]. Their research presented instances of effective interventions, such as the use of hip hop to combat AIDS and Brazilian funk to advocate for the COVID-19 vaccine [22]. They underscore the need for integrated information on music-based therapies and efficient assessment systems [22]. This demonstrates the capacity of music as an influential instrument for community involvement and behavioral modification in public health contexts.
 
MUSIC AND CULTURE
Cultural environment profoundly influences the perception and interpretation of music. Oluwafemi conducted this study. Daniel Adebisi, Addah Temple Tamuno-opubo, Yusuf Temitope Abeeb, and his associates examined the influence of music and activism on mental health discourse in Nigeria [25]. Their findings showed that music can effectively raise awareness and facilitate emotional expression, but has a limited impact on policy change [25]. This underscores the interaction among music, culture, and social transformation. The study by Yihe Jiang and Zheng examined how different types of music (Chinese pentatonic scales vs. Western major/minor modes) affect our bodies and emotions [24]. Their study demonstrated that various modal forms provoke distinct degrees of emotional arousal and that musical expertise and cultural background affect emotional experiences [24]. Paula Conlon's research on the Indigenous southern plains flute tradition examines the cultural importance of "good music" and its relationship to power, community, and moral integrity [26]. These examples exemplify the many cultural manifestations and interpretations of music and its influence.
 
THE NEUROLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF MUSIC
The neural foundations of music influence are a topic of continuous investigation [5], [27], [28]. Research by Nina Kraus in "Of Sound Mind" shows the complexity of the connection between hearing and brain function. It focuses on how sound perception is linked to thoughts, emotions, and other senses [5]. The review by Muriel Tahtouh Zaatar, Kenda Alhakim, Mohammad Enayeh, and Ribal Tamer examines the connection between music and the brain, addressing topics from neural decoding to therapeutic uses [27]. They emphasize the activation of many brain networks by music and the promise for music-based therapies in several areas [27]. Marc Leman's theoretical approach in "The Expressive Moment" emphasizes the connection between humans and sound as the origin of musical meaning, reinterpreting assumptions about music's ontology and communication [28]. These investigations enhance the comprehension of the intricate neurological processes that underlie the significant impact of music on human experience.
 
CONSTRAINTS AND PROSPECTIVE PATHS
Although the data strongly indicate the considerable impact of music on several areas, there are some limitations and opportunities for further investigation. Numerous investigations, especially those centered on therapeutic applications, require larger sample numbers and more stringent methodological techniques [16], [22]. Moreover, the absence of established metrics for evaluating the influence of music across many groups and circumstances poses a significant issue [29]. In the future, researchers need to focus on finding consistent ways to measure things, looking into how people from different cultures hear and react to music, and determining how music participation affects long-term cognitive, emotional, and social development. A comprehensive understanding of the neurological processes that govern the effects of music is essential for creating successful music-based therapies in many applications. Moreover, more research needs to be conducted to see how well different types and styles of music work in different educational and therapeutic settings [30]. The exploration of the effect of music is a dynamic and developing discipline, and ongoing research will certainly provide more insights into its significant impact on human experience.
 
CONCLUSION
The influence of music is a complex phenomenon that is intricately connected to human intellect, emotion, social interaction, and well-being. Music has a profound impact on cognitive development, emotional control, therapeutic use, and cultural value in human existence. This study provides much information about how music can affect people, but more research is needed to fully understand the complicated processes that control these effects and to develop music-based solutions that work in many situations. The ongoing investigation of the influence of music is expected to provide significant insights into the human condition and to guide novel strategies for improving health, education, and social cohesion. Research has consistently indicated that the influence of music transcends subjective perception and represents a fundamental element of human biology and culture. A comprehensive literature review suggests that a deep understanding of this force can reveal its potential for positive changes in various aspects of human life.

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10. Somani P, Somani N. THE EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID-19. None. 2023. https://doi.org/10.57259/grj6348

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12. Wallin N, Merkur B, Brown S, Freeman W. A neurobiological role of music in social bonding. None. NaN. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5190.003.0028

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14. Granot R, Spitz DH, Cherki BR, Loui P, Timmers R, Schaefer RS, et al. Help! I Need Somebody: Music as a Global Resource for Obtaining Wellbeing Goals in Times of Crisis. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648013

15. Hegde S. Music therapy for mental disorder and mental health: the untapped potential of Indian classical music. Cambridge University Press. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000001732

16. Siedliecki SL, Good M. Effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability. Wiley. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03860.x

17. Thakare A, Agrawa A. Role of music therapy in neurological practice. Romanian Journal of Neurology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.37897/rjn.2022.2.8

18. Bhattacharjee B. The role of music in mental health treatment. None. 2024. https://doi.org/10.70121/001c.124789

19. Basile G. Beneficial effects of music in the healing process of traumatic injuries: perceptual control of suffering and possible abatement of disability conditions.. Clinica Terapeutica. NaN. https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2023.5021

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21. Raglio A. When music becomes music therapy. Wiley. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02273.x

22. Benavides JA, Caparrs C, Silva RMD, Lembo T, Dia PT, Hampson K, et al. The Power of Music to Prevent and Control Emerging Infectious Diseases. Frontiers Media. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.756152

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HIGH-FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES PROMOTE ACCELERATED GROWTH AND LUSHNESS IN SURROUNDING PLANTS

 by Ketut Sumerjana

The investigation of sound waves and their impact on plant development has attracted considerable interest in recent years, especially for high-frequency music waves. Studies demonstrate that sound waves may augment several physiological processes in plants, resulting in accelerated growth rates and enhanced overall vitality. Rahman et al. indicate that sound waves may impact stomatal density and index, which are essential for photosynthesis, implying that sound can directly influence the rate of photosynthesis in plants such as water spinach [1]. This corresponds with the research of Munasinghe et al., which revealed that rhythmic auditory patterns, such as music, may modify gene expression in plants, thereby facilitating growth and improving stress resilience [2].

Researchers have suggested "sonic bloom," a strategy that combines high-frequency sound waves with agricultural methods, to enhance plant growth and output. As Galina et al. explain, this method may greatly enhance plant growth and production when combined with IoT monitoring systems. This is because sound waves can cause physiological responses [3]. This novel strategy intends to enhance production while simultaneously decreasing dependence on chemical fertilizers and fostering sustainable agricultural practices. Research indicates that sound waves positively influence plant growth by stimulating enzymatic and hormonal activity essential for development [1].

Besides promoting growth, sound waves have shown the capacity to enhance the nutritional content of plants. Rout et al. discovered that exposure to synchronized sound waves, especially Indian classical music, enhanced the phytochemical content in plants, potentially benefiting human health [4]. This indicates that sound waves not only aid development but also augment the metabolic attributes of plants, making them more nutritious. Wang et al. found that sound wave treatments could influence the deposition of cadmium in water spinach, implying that sound could potentially lessen the effects of environmental pollutants [5].

The physiological processes by which sound waves influence plants are complex. [6] indicated that some sound frequencies might enhance water efficiency in rice plants by modifying stomatal dimensions and therefore improving photosynthetic performance. This discovery highlights the capability of sound waves to enhance water utilization in plants, which is especially vital during climate change and water shortage. Moreover, research indicates that sound waves may enhance ATP production, essential for energy metabolism in plants, thereby fostering overall growth and vitality [7].

Furthermore, the use of sound waves in agriculture extends beyond the enhancement of growth and nutritional quality to include insect control techniques. Munar's study demonstrates that sound exposure may enhance pest resistance in mustard plants, highlighting the potential of sound waves as a sustainable agricultural approach [8]. This corresponds with the overarching trend of incorporating ecological methodologies into agricultural systems to enhance sustainability and mitigate environmental damage.

The ramifications of sound wave applications transcend specific plant species, affecting whole agricultural systems. The use of acoustic wave technology with conventional agricultural methods has the potential to transform crop cultivation, resulting in enhanced yields and less chemical usage. Das emphasizes that sound vibrations may promote seed germination and development, indicating that the integration of sound into agricultural methods may improve crop establishment and resistance [9]. This is especially pertinent for global food security concerns, as creative strategies are essential to satisfy increasing needs.

The study on the impact of high-frequency music waves on plant development highlights the potential of sound waves as a revolutionary instrument in agriculture. Sound waves enhance physiological processes, improve nutritional quality, and promote sustainable practices, presenting a viable approach for expanding agricultural production and resilience. Subsequent studies need to further investigate the fundamental principles and practical implementations of sound wave technology across many agricultural settings, allowing novel resolutions to modern agricultural issues.

References:

[1] R. Rahman, U. Salamah, M. A. Fadila, and R. H. Wibowo, "The response of Dundubia Manifera sound effects to changes in stomata density and stomata index of water spinach as information on the rate of photosynthesis," E3S Web of Conf., vol. 373, p. 03021, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303021.

[2] S. R. W. Sachithri Munasinghe1, Senaviratnege Somaratne3 2020Nusantara Biosci, "Biological responses of Sri Lankan rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to rhythmic sound patterns (music and religious chants)," 2020.

[3] C. S. M. Galina, I. Bukhori, A. Silitonga, and A. Suhartomo,, "“An An implementation of smart agriculture for optimizing growth using sonic bloom and IoT integrated”, INFOTEL, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 65-74, Feb. 2022.," 2022.

[4] s. Rout1, Padhi3 2022Int. J. Front. Biol. Pharm. Res., "Effect of synchronized sound waves in the form of Indian Classical Ragas on Phytochemical analysis of Chamaecostus cuspidatus (Nees & Mart.) C. Specht & D. W. Stev," 2022.

[5] S. Wang, Y. Shao, J. Duan, H. He, and Q. Xiao, "Effects of Sound Wave and Water Management on Growth and Cd Accumulation by Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.)," Agronomy, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 2257, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2257.

[6] R. Jusoh1, Pydi3 et al. 2023JTAS, "Specific Sound Frequency Improves Intrinsic Water Efficiency in Rice Leaf by Imparting Changes in Stomatal Dimensions," 2023.

[7] L. and K. M. ÇIĞ, MİKAİL 2023Not Bot Horti Agrobo, "A different factor in the use of plants in landscape architecture: Sound (type, intensity and duration) in the example of Hyacinthus orientalis.," 2023.

[8] W. Munar, Susanti et al. 2023Agro. Bali. Agric. J., "Increasing mustard (Brassica juncea L.) yields through exposure sound and preventive pest management based on refugia plants," 2023.

[9] M. Das, "Potential effects of audible sound signals including music on plants: A new trigger . Environment Conservation Journal, 24(3), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.15592489," 2023.

FUNDAMENTALS AND CORRELATIONS OF BRAIN MUSIC

by Ketut Sumerjana

Music significantly affects brain function, impacting numerous cognitive, emotional, and physiological functions. Studies demonstrate that musical training and exposure can induce anatomical and functional alterations in the brain, hence improving cognitive capabilities and emotional regulation. It has been found that learning music is linked to bigger brain areas that help with memory, language processing, and executive function, especially in older people (Chaddock-Heyman et al., 2021). This suggests that interacting with music may improve cognitive functioning and neuroplasticity, which are both important for keeping older people's minds healthy (Böttcher et al., 2022).

Moreover, the impact of music on brain connections is substantial. Music listening has demonstrated the ability to improve functional connectivity among many brain regions associated with sensory and motor activities (Yin, 2024). This is especially pertinent in therapeutic settings, as music therapy can aid rehabilitation in patients with neurological deficits, even those in a minimally conscious state (Yin, 2024). Also, actively participating in music, like playing an instrument or singing, uses more parts of the brain than passively listening, which leads to better mental and emotional benefits (Gómez-Gallego et al., 2021; Pant et al., 2022).

The emotional reactions induced by music are also significant. Music can stimulate the limbic system and other brain regions linked to emotion, resulting in enhanced well-being and less anxiety (Shirsat et al., 2023; Huang et al., 2021). Music therapy has been shown to help people with a wide range of mental illnesses, including depression and anxiety, by changing the way their brains work and making it easier for them to control their emotions (Qiu et al., 2022). Also, personalized music therapies, in which patients pick music that speaks to them, have shown to improve engagement and therapeutic outcomes (Quinci et al., 2022).

Within the realm of developmental neuroscience, exposure to music has been associated with improved cognitive development in infants and children. Studies have shown that music therapy effectively impacts brain development in preterm newborns, fostering cognitive and emotional advancement (Pranata et al., 2022). Engaging in musical activities as a child leads to better language and memory skills, highlighting the importance of music in educational settings ("Development of a Music Activities Model to Enhance Brain Development in Children from Birth to Three Years; case study in Thailand," 2023; Tervaniemi et al., 2021).

The relationship between music and brain function is complex, involving cognitive improvement, emotional management, and developmental advantages. Evidence indicates that music functions not just as a medium of artistic expression but also as a potent instrument for cognitive and emotional development across the lifespan.

References

(2023). Development of a music activities model to enhance brain development in children from birth to three years; case study in thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2023.44.3.23

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MECHANISMS OF MUSIC THERAPY IN ALLEVIATING STRESS AND ENHANCING WELL-BEING IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED DEMENTI




by Ketut Sumerjana

Individuals with severe dementia often endure considerable stress, which might exacerbate their health issues and elevate the likelihood of hospitalization. Studies indicate that music therapy may serve as an effective strategy for alleviating stress and enhancing well-being in patients with dementia. Music therapy functions as a mechanism to alleviate anxiety and tension while also enhancing communication and social interaction among patients, staff, and families (Drewitt et al., 2022; Witte et al., 2020). In this context, it is essential to comprehend the processes that contribute to the efficacy of music therapy in alleviating stress in dementia patients.



A comprehensive evaluation indicates that music therapy may significantly decrease stress and anxiety levels, hence enhancing patients' quality of life (Witte et al., 2020; González-Ojea et al., 2022). Effectively structured music therapy may meet the emotional needs of people with dementia that aren't being met and help family members and healthcare professionals better understand and talk about these treatments (Odell‐Miller et al., 2022). Research indicates that music may elicit a favorable emotional reaction, which is crucial in dementia care, as patients often struggle to articulate their wants and emotions (Stedje et al., 2023). 

According to Chen et al. (2021), the limbic system, which handles emotions and memories, may be activated by music therapy, which makes seniors with dementia feel less stressed. Music therapy can foster a supportive and comfortable environment for patients, thereby reducing anxiety and enhancing feelings of security (Siregar et al., 2023). Studies indicate that music interventions enhance the quality of relationships between patients and caregivers, which is crucial for fostering a positive and supportive care environment (Stedje et al., 2023). 



Even though there is evidence that music therapy can help, we still don't fully understand the infrastructure issues that make it hard to use with dementia patients in hospitals (Witte et al., 2020). Further research is essential to evaluate the developed program's theory and to enhance clinical practices and policies regarding music therapy in healthcare settings.

Reference:

Chen, W., Zheng, J., Shen, G., X, J., Sun, L., Li, X., … & Gu, J. (2021). Music therapy alleviates motor dysfunction in rats with focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury by regulating bdnf expression. Frontiers in Neurology, 12.

Drewitt et al. "Providing music therapy for people with dementia in an acute mental health setting" Nursing standard (2022) doi:10.7748/ns.2022.e11796

Witte et al. "Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis" Health psychology review (2020) doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1846580

González-Ojea et al. "Can Music Therapy Improve the Quality of Life of Institutionalized Elderly People?" Healthcare (2022) doi:10.3390/healthcare10020310

Odell‐Miller et al. "The HOMESIDE Music Intervention: A Training Protocol for Family Carers of People Living with Dementia" European journal of investigation in health psychology and education (2022) doi:10.3390/ejihpe12120127

Stedje et al. "The Influence of Home-Based Music Therapy Interventions on Relationship Quality in Couples Living with Dementia—An Adapted Convergent Mixed Methods Study" International journal of environmental research and public health (2023) doi:10.3390/ijerph20042863

Chen et al. "Music Therapy Alleviates Motor Dysfunction in Rats With Focal Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury by Regulating BDNF Expression" Frontiers in neurology (2021) doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.666311

Siregar et al. "The Effect of Onang-Onang Instrumental Music Therapy on Elderly With Insomnia" Kne social sciences (2023) doi:10.18502/kss.v8i4.12973

Witte, M., Pinho, A., Stams, G., Moonen, X., Bos, A., & Hooren, S. (2020). Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 16(1), 134-159.