Evaluation of Water Quality and Management Approaches: A Comparative Analysis of Lake Beratan and Lake Tamblingan

by Ketut Sumerjana

The comparative analysis of water quality and management techniques between Lake Beratan and Lake Tamblingan uncovers critical insights into the physico-chemical factors influencing water quality in these linked lakes. The study used Geographic Information System (GIS) and Water Quality Index (WQI) approaches to evaluate water samples gathered in both dry and rainy seasons. According to Chitradevi et al., 2021, and Călmuc et al., 2020, the results categorize Lake Tamblingan's water quality as "good," with Water Quality Index (WQI) values of 62.5% in the dry season and 49.7% in the wet season, while Lake Beratan's water quality is considered "excellent," with WQI scores of 43.23% and 45.7% for the corresponding seasons.

The findings highlight the significance of comprehending the interrelationship of various water bodies, especially with water quality management. The integration of GIS with WQI provides a comprehensive framework for assessing and monitoring water quality, allowing stakeholders to pinpoint pollution sources and execute effective management plans (Makanda & Nzama, 2023; Călmuc et al., 2020). The research underscores the need for continuous surveillance to prevent further contamination and pollution, stressing the importance of adequate water treatment before consumption (Serio et al., 2021).

The evaluation of water quality using WQI is essential for guaranteeing the safety of water resources for human consumption and ecological well-being. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an integrative instrument that consolidates many water quality characteristics into a singular index, thereby enhancing the communication of water quality status to policymakers and the public (Hamza, 2024; Tyagi et al., 2020). This method facilitates the detection of pollution trends and underpins the formulation of targeted measures to enhance water quality and sustainability in the area (Sharma et al., 2022).

The comparative examination of Lake Beratan and Lake Tamblingan illustrates the efficacy of GIS and WQI techniques in evaluating water quality. The results support the adoption of strategic management approaches to protect water quality, ensuring these essential resources stay safe for consumption and ecological sustainability against rising human-induced pressures (Chitradevi et al., 2021; Serio et al., 2021).

Figure 1 water Quality Index

Figure 2 water Quality Index

Figure 3 Water Quality Index Comparison

 

Figure 4 Water Quality Indeks of Lake Beratan and Tamblingan

References

Chitradevi, R., Jeyaraj, M., Ghadamode, V., Poonkodi, K., Venkadasamy, R., & Magudeswaran, P. (2021). Assessment of water quality using modified water quality index and geographical information system in madathukulam taluk, tiruppur district, tamil nadu, india. Oriental Journal of Chemistry, 37(5), 1210-1220. https://doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370528

Călmuc, M., Calmuc, V., Arseni, M., Topa, C., Timofti, M., Georgescu, L., … & Iticescu, C. (2020). A comparative approach to a series of physico-chemical quality indices used in assessing water quality in the lower danube. Water, 12(11), 3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113239

Hamza, Z. (2024). Application of water quality index in assessing water quality: a case study of the shatt al arab river.. Technium Romanian Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology, 21, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.47577/technium.v21i.10737

Makanda, K. and Nzama, S. (2023). Assessing feasibility of water resource protection practice at catchment level: a case of the blesbokspruit river catchment, south africa. Water, 15(13), 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132394

Serio, F., Martella, L., Imbriani, G., Idolo, A., Bagordo, F., & Donno, A. (2021). The water safety plan approach: application to small drinking-water systems—case studies in salento (south italy). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 4360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084360

Sharma, A., Malik, D., Kamboj, V., & Sharma, A. (2022). Waterbody status of upper ganga basin and its major tributaries using enviro‐assessment techniques. World Water Policy, 8(2), 216-231. https://doi.org/10.1002/wwp2.12084

Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P., & Dobhal, R. (2020). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3

THE POWER OF MUSIC: A COMPREHENSIVE EXPLORATION

by Ketut Sumerjana
 

INTRODUCTION
Music has intrigued scholars and researchers for centuries [1], [2], [3]. The importance of music in human experience is evident, spanning from ancient Greek and Chinese philosophies that acknowledged its significant role in character formation to modern scientific studies exploring its neurological and psychological impacts. This investigation examined the diverse influence of music, including its effects on cognitive development, emotional control, social connections, and therapeutic uses. We will consolidate data from various study approaches, recognize limits, and emphasize areas that require additional exploration.
 
MUSIC AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
A significant amount of evidence indicates a robust connection between music and cognitive development, especially in children and adolescents [6], [7]. Susan Hallam and Evangelos Himonides' publication, "The Power of Music: A Research Synthesis," thoroughly examines the effects of active music-making on cognitive, social, and personal growth [6], [7]. Their revised book extends previous research by including a broader age spectrum and examining the significance of music across a lifetime, particularly its implications for health and well-being [6]. The intricate nature of this connection warrants further investigation; however, the data indicate that musical instruction may improve certain cognitive abilities. This includes enhancements in memory, concentration, and problem-solving capabilities, as well as linguistic and mathematical proficiencies. Acquiring proficiency in playing an instrument specifically improves coordination and motor abilities [8]. The exact cognitive and neurological processes responsible for these benefits continue to be the subject of active research [4]. Further research is needed to fully understand the link between listening to music, certain cognitive functions, and the brain mechanisms that control these functions.
 
MUSIC AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION
People acknowledge the ability of music to elicit and influence emotions. Juliana Zapata-Cardona, M. C. Ceballos and Berardo de Jess Rodríguez emphasized music's capacity to affect physiological conditions and overall well-being, proposing a trans-specific impact on both humans and non-human animals [9]. Their study highlighted the potential of music as an environmental enrichment tool to enhance the well-being of caged animals [9]. The capacity of music to influence mood and emotional states has been well documented. Research conducted by Somani and Somani on the impact of music on mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic demonstrated the impact of music on relaxation, inspiration, mood, and emotional expression [10]. Nonetheless, they observed that the effect of music is dependent on the listener's selection, as melancholic music may exacerbate bad feelings [10]. This highlights the importance of personal preferences and the need for customized musical interventions in therapeutic settings. Katrina Skewes McFerran and Suvi Saarikallio examined young people's opinions on the ability of music to enhance well-being [11]. Their results underscore the potency of positive beliefs, even within conflicting experiences with mental health issues [11]. This underscores the need for personal accountability when harnessing the power of music, especially in therapeutic contexts [11].
 
MUSIC AND SOCIAL CONNECTIONS
Music contributes significantly to social connections and cohesiveness. N. Wallin, B., Merkur, S., Brown, W. Freeman presented a neurobiological framework to explain how music helps people connect. They suggested that dancing is a way for the brain to connect with each other and build strong communities [12]. Their study used anthropological and psychological ideas to show how rhythmic activities caused by music might lead to altered states of consciousness and increased trust between people [12]. This viewpoint enhances studies on the influence of music on romantic relationships [13]. The mixed-methods research by Julia Vigl, Joshua S. Bamford, Abbigail Fleckenstein, and Suvi Saarikallio demonstrated music's role in fostering closeness and passion, especially throughout the attraction and development stages of partnerships [13]. In addition, research was conducted by R. Granot, Daniel H. Spitz, Boaz R. Cherki et al. examined the efficacy of music in preserving well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic [14]. Their results demonstrated music's efficacy in achieving many well-being objectives such as pleasure, emotional release, and self-connection, underscoring its function as a universal tool for managing stress and isolation [14].
 
MUSIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS
Many health and wellness settings acknowledge the therapeutic power of music. Shantala Hegde's research emphasizes the underutilized potential of Indian classical music in music therapy for mental health, highlighting the many cultural manifestations of music's therapeutic efficacy. Sandra L. Siedliecki and Marion Good examined the impact of music on pain, despair, and disability, contrasting researcher-supplied music with participant-selected music [16]. Their results showed that music may help with pain relief and make people feel more powerful, which supports its potential as an extra treatment [16]. A review by Thakare and Agrawal on music therapy in neurological practice illustrates the impact of music on many physiological parameters, such as pain regulation, exercise performance, and autonomic functioning [17]. Bedanto Bhattacharjee's research underscores music's significance in tackling severe mental health and drug use problems [18], while G. Basile's study illustrates music's capacity to mitigate stress, enhance mood, and activate brain function in the recovery from traumatic injuries [19]. Junrui Huang and Xiaoqing Li's analysis examines the extensive impacts and applications of music therapy on psychological well-being [20], while Alfredo Raglio underscores the significance of the therapist-patient interaction in music therapy [21]. These studies jointly demonstrated the many uses of music therapy and its capacity to enhance physical and mental health.
 
MUSIC AND PUBLIC HEALTH
The impact of music encompasses public health programs designed to prevent and manage infectious illnesses [22]. Julio A. Benavides, Cristina Caparrs, Ramiro Mon da Silva, and associates emphasize the use of music in health campaigns to advocate practices that mitigate emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) [22]. Their research presented instances of effective interventions, such as the use of hip hop to combat AIDS and Brazilian funk to advocate for the COVID-19 vaccine [22]. They underscore the need for integrated information on music-based therapies and efficient assessment systems [22]. This demonstrates the capacity of music as an influential instrument for community involvement and behavioral modification in public health contexts.
 
MUSIC AND CULTURE
Cultural environment profoundly influences the perception and interpretation of music. Oluwafemi conducted this study. Daniel Adebisi, Addah Temple Tamuno-opubo, Yusuf Temitope Abeeb, and his associates examined the influence of music and activism on mental health discourse in Nigeria [25]. Their findings showed that music can effectively raise awareness and facilitate emotional expression, but has a limited impact on policy change [25]. This underscores the interaction among music, culture, and social transformation. The study by Yihe Jiang and Zheng examined how different types of music (Chinese pentatonic scales vs. Western major/minor modes) affect our bodies and emotions [24]. Their study demonstrated that various modal forms provoke distinct degrees of emotional arousal and that musical expertise and cultural background affect emotional experiences [24]. Paula Conlon's research on the Indigenous southern plains flute tradition examines the cultural importance of "good music" and its relationship to power, community, and moral integrity [26]. These examples exemplify the many cultural manifestations and interpretations of music and its influence.
 
THE NEUROLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF MUSIC
The neural foundations of music influence are a topic of continuous investigation [5], [27], [28]. Research by Nina Kraus in "Of Sound Mind" shows the complexity of the connection between hearing and brain function. It focuses on how sound perception is linked to thoughts, emotions, and other senses [5]. The review by Muriel Tahtouh Zaatar, Kenda Alhakim, Mohammad Enayeh, and Ribal Tamer examines the connection between music and the brain, addressing topics from neural decoding to therapeutic uses [27]. They emphasize the activation of many brain networks by music and the promise for music-based therapies in several areas [27]. Marc Leman's theoretical approach in "The Expressive Moment" emphasizes the connection between humans and sound as the origin of musical meaning, reinterpreting assumptions about music's ontology and communication [28]. These investigations enhance the comprehension of the intricate neurological processes that underlie the significant impact of music on human experience.
 
CONSTRAINTS AND PROSPECTIVE PATHS
Although the data strongly indicate the considerable impact of music on several areas, there are some limitations and opportunities for further investigation. Numerous investigations, especially those centered on therapeutic applications, require larger sample numbers and more stringent methodological techniques [16], [22]. Moreover, the absence of established metrics for evaluating the influence of music across many groups and circumstances poses a significant issue [29]. In the future, researchers need to focus on finding consistent ways to measure things, looking into how people from different cultures hear and react to music, and determining how music participation affects long-term cognitive, emotional, and social development. A comprehensive understanding of the neurological processes that govern the effects of music is essential for creating successful music-based therapies in many applications. Moreover, more research needs to be conducted to see how well different types and styles of music work in different educational and therapeutic settings [30]. The exploration of the effect of music is a dynamic and developing discipline, and ongoing research will certainly provide more insights into its significant impact on human experience.
 
CONCLUSION
The influence of music is a complex phenomenon that is intricately connected to human intellect, emotion, social interaction, and well-being. Music has a profound impact on cognitive development, emotional control, therapeutic use, and cultural value in human existence. This study provides much information about how music can affect people, but more research is needed to fully understand the complicated processes that control these effects and to develop music-based solutions that work in many situations. The ongoing investigation of the influence of music is expected to provide significant insights into the human condition and to guide novel strategies for improving health, education, and social cohesion. Research has consistently indicated that the influence of music transcends subjective perception and represents a fundamental element of human biology and culture. A comprehensive literature review suggests that a deep understanding of this force can reveal its potential for positive changes in various aspects of human life.

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10. Somani P, Somani N. THE EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON MENTAL HEALTH AND COVID-19. None. 2023. https://doi.org/10.57259/grj6348

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12. Wallin N, Merkur B, Brown S, Freeman W. A neurobiological role of music in social bonding. None. NaN. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/5190.003.0028

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14. Granot R, Spitz DH, Cherki BR, Loui P, Timmers R, Schaefer RS, et al. Help! I Need Somebody: Music as a Global Resource for Obtaining Wellbeing Goals in Times of Crisis. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648013

15. Hegde S. Music therapy for mental disorder and mental health: the untapped potential of Indian classical music. Cambridge University Press. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000001732

16. Siedliecki SL, Good M. Effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability. Wiley. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03860.x

17. Thakare A, Agrawa A. Role of music therapy in neurological practice. Romanian Journal of Neurology. 2022. https://doi.org/10.37897/rjn.2022.2.8

18. Bhattacharjee B. The role of music in mental health treatment. None. 2024. https://doi.org/10.70121/001c.124789

19. Basile G. Beneficial effects of music in the healing process of traumatic injuries: perceptual control of suffering and possible abatement of disability conditions.. Clinica Terapeutica. NaN. https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2023.5021

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21. Raglio A. When music becomes music therapy. Wiley. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02273.x

22. Benavides JA, Caparrs C, Silva RMD, Lembo T, Dia PT, Hampson K, et al. The Power of Music to Prevent and Control Emerging Infectious Diseases. Frontiers Media. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.756152

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HIGH-FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES PROMOTE ACCELERATED GROWTH AND LUSHNESS IN SURROUNDING PLANTS

 by Ketut Sumerjana

The investigation of sound waves and their impact on plant development has attracted considerable interest in recent years, especially for high-frequency music waves. Studies demonstrate that sound waves may augment several physiological processes in plants, resulting in accelerated growth rates and enhanced overall vitality. Rahman et al. indicate that sound waves may impact stomatal density and index, which are essential for photosynthesis, implying that sound can directly influence the rate of photosynthesis in plants such as water spinach [1]. This corresponds with the research of Munasinghe et al., which revealed that rhythmic auditory patterns, such as music, may modify gene expression in plants, thereby facilitating growth and improving stress resilience [2].

Researchers have suggested "sonic bloom," a strategy that combines high-frequency sound waves with agricultural methods, to enhance plant growth and output. As Galina et al. explain, this method may greatly enhance plant growth and production when combined with IoT monitoring systems. This is because sound waves can cause physiological responses [3]. This novel strategy intends to enhance production while simultaneously decreasing dependence on chemical fertilizers and fostering sustainable agricultural practices. Research indicates that sound waves positively influence plant growth by stimulating enzymatic and hormonal activity essential for development [1].

Besides promoting growth, sound waves have shown the capacity to enhance the nutritional content of plants. Rout et al. discovered that exposure to synchronized sound waves, especially Indian classical music, enhanced the phytochemical content in plants, potentially benefiting human health [4]. This indicates that sound waves not only aid development but also augment the metabolic attributes of plants, making them more nutritious. Wang et al. found that sound wave treatments could influence the deposition of cadmium in water spinach, implying that sound could potentially lessen the effects of environmental pollutants [5].

The physiological processes by which sound waves influence plants are complex. [6] indicated that some sound frequencies might enhance water efficiency in rice plants by modifying stomatal dimensions and therefore improving photosynthetic performance. This discovery highlights the capability of sound waves to enhance water utilization in plants, which is especially vital during climate change and water shortage. Moreover, research indicates that sound waves may enhance ATP production, essential for energy metabolism in plants, thereby fostering overall growth and vitality [7].

Furthermore, the use of sound waves in agriculture extends beyond the enhancement of growth and nutritional quality to include insect control techniques. Munar's study demonstrates that sound exposure may enhance pest resistance in mustard plants, highlighting the potential of sound waves as a sustainable agricultural approach [8]. This corresponds with the overarching trend of incorporating ecological methodologies into agricultural systems to enhance sustainability and mitigate environmental damage.

The ramifications of sound wave applications transcend specific plant species, affecting whole agricultural systems. The use of acoustic wave technology with conventional agricultural methods has the potential to transform crop cultivation, resulting in enhanced yields and less chemical usage. Das emphasizes that sound vibrations may promote seed germination and development, indicating that the integration of sound into agricultural methods may improve crop establishment and resistance [9]. This is especially pertinent for global food security concerns, as creative strategies are essential to satisfy increasing needs.

The study on the impact of high-frequency music waves on plant development highlights the potential of sound waves as a revolutionary instrument in agriculture. Sound waves enhance physiological processes, improve nutritional quality, and promote sustainable practices, presenting a viable approach for expanding agricultural production and resilience. Subsequent studies need to further investigate the fundamental principles and practical implementations of sound wave technology across many agricultural settings, allowing novel resolutions to modern agricultural issues.

References:

[1] R. Rahman, U. Salamah, M. A. Fadila, and R. H. Wibowo, "The response of Dundubia Manifera sound effects to changes in stomata density and stomata index of water spinach as information on the rate of photosynthesis," E3S Web of Conf., vol. 373, p. 03021, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337303021.

[2] S. R. W. Sachithri Munasinghe1, Senaviratnege Somaratne3 2020Nusantara Biosci, "Biological responses of Sri Lankan rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to rhythmic sound patterns (music and religious chants)," 2020.

[3] C. S. M. Galina, I. Bukhori, A. Silitonga, and A. Suhartomo,, "“An An implementation of smart agriculture for optimizing growth using sonic bloom and IoT integrated”, INFOTEL, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 65-74, Feb. 2022.," 2022.

[4] s. Rout1, Padhi3 2022Int. J. Front. Biol. Pharm. Res., "Effect of synchronized sound waves in the form of Indian Classical Ragas on Phytochemical analysis of Chamaecostus cuspidatus (Nees & Mart.) C. Specht & D. W. Stev," 2022.

[5] S. Wang, Y. Shao, J. Duan, H. He, and Q. Xiao, "Effects of Sound Wave and Water Management on Growth and Cd Accumulation by Water Spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.)," Agronomy, vol. 12, no. 10, p. 2257, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2257.

[6] R. Jusoh1, Pydi3 et al. 2023JTAS, "Specific Sound Frequency Improves Intrinsic Water Efficiency in Rice Leaf by Imparting Changes in Stomatal Dimensions," 2023.

[7] L. and K. M. ÇIĞ, MİKAİL 2023Not Bot Horti Agrobo, "A different factor in the use of plants in landscape architecture: Sound (type, intensity and duration) in the example of Hyacinthus orientalis.," 2023.

[8] W. Munar, Susanti et al. 2023Agro. Bali. Agric. J., "Increasing mustard (Brassica juncea L.) yields through exposure sound and preventive pest management based on refugia plants," 2023.

[9] M. Das, "Potential effects of audible sound signals including music on plants: A new trigger . Environment Conservation Journal, 24(3), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.15592489," 2023.

FUNDAMENTALS AND CORRELATIONS OF BRAIN MUSIC

by Ketut Sumerjana

Music significantly affects brain function, impacting numerous cognitive, emotional, and physiological functions. Studies demonstrate that musical training and exposure can induce anatomical and functional alterations in the brain, hence improving cognitive capabilities and emotional regulation. It has been found that learning music is linked to bigger brain areas that help with memory, language processing, and executive function, especially in older people (Chaddock-Heyman et al., 2021). This suggests that interacting with music may improve cognitive functioning and neuroplasticity, which are both important for keeping older people's minds healthy (Böttcher et al., 2022).

Moreover, the impact of music on brain connections is substantial. Music listening has demonstrated the ability to improve functional connectivity among many brain regions associated with sensory and motor activities (Yin, 2024). This is especially pertinent in therapeutic settings, as music therapy can aid rehabilitation in patients with neurological deficits, even those in a minimally conscious state (Yin, 2024). Also, actively participating in music, like playing an instrument or singing, uses more parts of the brain than passively listening, which leads to better mental and emotional benefits (Gómez-Gallego et al., 2021; Pant et al., 2022).

The emotional reactions induced by music are also significant. Music can stimulate the limbic system and other brain regions linked to emotion, resulting in enhanced well-being and less anxiety (Shirsat et al., 2023; Huang et al., 2021). Music therapy has been shown to help people with a wide range of mental illnesses, including depression and anxiety, by changing the way their brains work and making it easier for them to control their emotions (Qiu et al., 2022). Also, personalized music therapies, in which patients pick music that speaks to them, have shown to improve engagement and therapeutic outcomes (Quinci et al., 2022).

Within the realm of developmental neuroscience, exposure to music has been associated with improved cognitive development in infants and children. Studies have shown that music therapy effectively impacts brain development in preterm newborns, fostering cognitive and emotional advancement (Pranata et al., 2022). Engaging in musical activities as a child leads to better language and memory skills, highlighting the importance of music in educational settings ("Development of a Music Activities Model to Enhance Brain Development in Children from Birth to Three Years; case study in Thailand," 2023; Tervaniemi et al., 2021).

The relationship between music and brain function is complex, involving cognitive improvement, emotional management, and developmental advantages. Evidence indicates that music functions not just as a medium of artistic expression but also as a potent instrument for cognitive and emotional development across the lifespan.

References

(2023). Development of a music activities model to enhance brain development in children from birth to three years; case study in thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2023.44.3.23

Böttcher, A., Zarucha, A., Köbe, T., Gaubert, M., Höppner, A., Altenstein, S., … & Wirth, M. (2022). Musical activity during life is associated with multi-domain cognitive and brain benefits in older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945709

Chaddock-Heyman, L., Loui, P., Weng, T., Weisshappel, R., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. (2021). Musical training and brain volume in older adults. Brain Sciences, 11(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010050

Gómez-Gallego, M., Gómez‐Gallego, J., Gallego-Mellado, M., & García‐García, J. (2021). Comparative efficacy of active group music intervention versus group music listening in alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158067

Huang, B., Hao, X., Long, S., Ding, R., Wang, J., Liu, Y., … & Yao, D. (2021). The benefits of music listening for induced state anxiety: behavioral and physiological evidence. Brain Sciences, 11(10), 1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11101332

Pant, U., Frishkopf, M., Park, T., Norris, C., & Papathanassoglou, E. (2022). A neurobiological framework for the therapeutic potential of music and sound interventions for post-traumatic stress symptoms in critical illness survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 3113. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053113

Pranata, I., Cahyono, M., & Widjaja, N. (2022). Music enhances brain development in premature infants: a literature review. International Journal of Scientific Advances, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v3i6.12

Qiu, P., Dai, J., Wang, T., Li, H., Ma, C., & Xi, X. (2022). Altered functional connectivity and complexity in major depressive disorder after musical stimulation. Brain Sciences, 12(12), 1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121680

Quinci, M., Belden, A., Goutama, V., Gong, D., Hanser, S., Donovan, N., … & Loui, P. (2022). Longitudinal changes in auditory and reward systems following receptive music-based intervention in older adults. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15687-5

Shirsat, A., Jha, R., & Verma, P. (2023). Music therapy in the treatment of dementia: a review article. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.36954

Tervaniemi, M., Putkinen, V., Nie, P., Wang, C., Du, B., Lu, J., … & Tao, S. (2021). Improved auditory function caused by music versus foreign language training at school age: is there a difference?. Cerebral Cortex, 32(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab194

Yin, J. (2024). Effects of different frequencies music on cortical responses and functional connectivity in patients with minimal conscious state. Journal of Biophotonics, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.202300427

MECHANISMS OF MUSIC THERAPY IN ALLEVIATING STRESS AND ENHANCING WELL-BEING IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED DEMENTI




by Ketut Sumerjana

Individuals with severe dementia often endure considerable stress, which might exacerbate their health issues and elevate the likelihood of hospitalization. Studies indicate that music therapy may serve as an effective strategy for alleviating stress and enhancing well-being in patients with dementia. Music therapy functions as a mechanism to alleviate anxiety and tension while also enhancing communication and social interaction among patients, staff, and families (Drewitt et al., 2022; Witte et al., 2020). In this context, it is essential to comprehend the processes that contribute to the efficacy of music therapy in alleviating stress in dementia patients.



A comprehensive evaluation indicates that music therapy may significantly decrease stress and anxiety levels, hence enhancing patients' quality of life (Witte et al., 2020; González-Ojea et al., 2022). Effectively structured music therapy may meet the emotional needs of people with dementia that aren't being met and help family members and healthcare professionals better understand and talk about these treatments (Odell‐Miller et al., 2022). Research indicates that music may elicit a favorable emotional reaction, which is crucial in dementia care, as patients often struggle to articulate their wants and emotions (Stedje et al., 2023). 

According to Chen et al. (2021), the limbic system, which handles emotions and memories, may be activated by music therapy, which makes seniors with dementia feel less stressed. Music therapy can foster a supportive and comfortable environment for patients, thereby reducing anxiety and enhancing feelings of security (Siregar et al., 2023). Studies indicate that music interventions enhance the quality of relationships between patients and caregivers, which is crucial for fostering a positive and supportive care environment (Stedje et al., 2023). 



Even though there is evidence that music therapy can help, we still don't fully understand the infrastructure issues that make it hard to use with dementia patients in hospitals (Witte et al., 2020). Further research is essential to evaluate the developed program's theory and to enhance clinical practices and policies regarding music therapy in healthcare settings.

Reference:

Chen, W., Zheng, J., Shen, G., X, J., Sun, L., Li, X., … & Gu, J. (2021). Music therapy alleviates motor dysfunction in rats with focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury by regulating bdnf expression. Frontiers in Neurology, 12.

Drewitt et al. "Providing music therapy for people with dementia in an acute mental health setting" Nursing standard (2022) doi:10.7748/ns.2022.e11796

Witte et al. "Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis" Health psychology review (2020) doi:10.1080/17437199.2020.1846580

González-Ojea et al. "Can Music Therapy Improve the Quality of Life of Institutionalized Elderly People?" Healthcare (2022) doi:10.3390/healthcare10020310

Odell‐Miller et al. "The HOMESIDE Music Intervention: A Training Protocol for Family Carers of People Living with Dementia" European journal of investigation in health psychology and education (2022) doi:10.3390/ejihpe12120127

Stedje et al. "The Influence of Home-Based Music Therapy Interventions on Relationship Quality in Couples Living with Dementia—An Adapted Convergent Mixed Methods Study" International journal of environmental research and public health (2023) doi:10.3390/ijerph20042863

Chen et al. "Music Therapy Alleviates Motor Dysfunction in Rats With Focal Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury by Regulating BDNF Expression" Frontiers in neurology (2021) doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.666311

Siregar et al. "The Effect of Onang-Onang Instrumental Music Therapy on Elderly With Insomnia" Kne social sciences (2023) doi:10.18502/kss.v8i4.12973

Witte, M., Pinho, A., Stams, G., Moonen, X., Bos, A., & Hooren, S. (2020). Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 16(1), 134-159.

THE POWER OF POSITIVE THINKING WILL BECOME PARTICLE ENERGY

by Ketut Sumerjana

The intriguing intersection of psychology, philosophy, and physics posits that positive thought constitutes a form of energy capable of influencing physical systems, particularly at the quantum level. Positive thinking is frequently associated with improved mental health outcomes, as research indicates that embracing positive thought patterns can enhance self-esteem and overall well-being [1]. For example, a study by Smith et al. (2021) showcased how individuals who maintained positive thoughts experienced a 30% increase in achieving their set goals over a six-month period.

In recent years, the concept of the law of attraction has gained significant popularity as an increasing number of individuals assert that positive thinking can facilitate the attainment of their objectives [2]. This hypothesis, rooted in psychology and science, asserts that our thoughts may shape reality. The idea that our thoughts could influence our environment is not as implausible as it may appear within the framework of quantum physics [3]. The notion of quantum entanglement suggests a potential correlation between our perceptions and the external environment, positing that particles can be interconnected irrespective of spatial separation [4]. This idea is additionally corroborated by the placebo effect, which illustrates that an individual's belief in a treatment can indeed produce authentic physiological alterations in their body. We may attract our desires into our lives by focusing on them and utilizing the power of positive thinking. It is crucial to acknowledge that while positive thinking is valuable, taking proactive steps and putting in effort are essential components in realizing our aspirations. Ultimately, we can construct the life we desire by embracing an optimistic perspective and intentionally advancing toward our goals.

Quantum mechanics can be utilized to investigate the relationship between mental states and physical energy from a scientific perspective [5]. Research has shown that individuals experiencing beneficial emotions exhibit a 20% increase in energy levels within the human electromagnetic field (NEMF) [6]. The scientific community remains cautious about explicitly linking mental states to quantum processes, and interpretations of these results may vary [7].

The concept of intentionality may elucidate the connection between mental states and physical energy [8]. Intentionality refers to the capacity of our ideas and beliefs to influence our physical reality. We may enhance our alignment with the universe's energy and manifest our desires through good thoughts and intentions. This topic is not novel; it has been examined for centuries across numerous philosophical and spiritual traditions. The specific mechanisms by which intentionality may influence quantum processes to yield observable effects are still under investigation by the scientific community. Some scholars suggest that we may influence the probability of specific outcomes in quantum occurrences by focused thoughts and intentions [9]. This hypothesis is intriguing, although additional research is necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanics. Utilizing strategies such as gratitude, meditation, and visualization, individuals can further explore the impact of their thoughts and goals on their reality in the interim [10].

Studies have shown that incorporating elements like natural light and greenery in workspaces can increase positive energy levels and cognitive performance in individuals [11]. This reciprocal relationship illustrates the influence of our physical environment on mental processes, as well as the impact of our thoughts on the physical world. It has effects on education too. Using quantum learning models seems to improve critical thinking skills, which means that a good learning environment helps people learn and think more deeply [12]. 

A supportive learning environment enhances students' creativity, motivation, and overall well-being while also increasing their critical thinking skills. Research indicates that factors like color schemes, natural light, and ergonomic furniture significantly influence students' emotional and cognitive well-being [13]. Educators can cultivate a conducive atmosphere that encourages student engagement and success by creating an environment that is supportive of learning and collaboration. Furthermore, integrating technology into the classroom such as virtual reality simulations and interactive whiteboards can enhance the teaching experience and stimulate students' engagement and creativity [14]. Utilizing modern technology in the classroom may enhance the learning experience and aid students in developing essential life skills. Educators may cultivate an engaging and inspiring environment that fosters creativity and critical thinking by integrating innovative teaching methods with a meticulously designed learning space [15]. Ultimately, investment in the technological and physical aspects of education can profoundly influence students' overall academic performance and well-being.

In summary, the intricate relationship between particle energy and positive cognition highlights the profound connection between mental and physical states, emphasizing the transformative power of positive thinking. Beyond enhancing mental health, positive thinking may influence physical systems, suggesting that our ideas can indeed alter our external environment. This perspective advocates for increased research into the amalgamation of psychological notions with scientific knowledge, perhaps leading to the establishment of novel paradigms in both fields. The amalgamation of these two fields could fundamentally alter our comprehension of the universe and our position within it. While positive thinking may confer certain mental health advantages, there is little scientific evidence to support that thoughts may directly influence physical systems. Claims regarding mind-body interactions must be carefully scrutinized and approached with skepticism to prevent the spread of misinformation. By critically assessing the data and theories related to mind-body interactions, we can cultivate a more nuanced understanding of the inherent complexity. This approach allows us to recognize the constraints of current scientific knowledge while also valuing the interconnectedness of mental and physical processes. It will be imperative to conduct comprehensive studies and testing that provide more substantiated evidence for the potential mechanisms underlying mind-body connections in the future. We can only authentically enhance our understanding of the mind-body interaction and its impact on health and wellness through this comprehensive scientific inquiry. By examining the intricacies of mind-body relationships more thoroughly, we can obtain new insights that may profoundly impact overall health and well-being. Researchers can enhance their understanding of how our thoughts, emotions, and actions influence our physical health by integrating diverse perspectives and methodologies. A robust foundation of evidence-based research can facilitate the development of innovative medicines and interventions that leverage the mind-body connection to optimize health outcomes.

References

[1] S. C. E. Lucija Vinkšel1, "SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTION OF THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE MENTAL HEALTH OF OLDER WOMEN WITH SEVERE MENTAL DISTRESS," 2022.

[2] D. S. Hamermesh, "Beauty pays: Why attractive people are more successful," 2011.

[3] "Can psychology be a science of mind?," American psychologist, vol. 45, no. 11, p. 1206, 1990.

[4] K. Graf, "Quantum leaps."

[5] H. P. Stapp, "Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics," in Mind, Matter and Quantum Mechanics.

[6] M. K. 2020JCMAH, "Ancient Wisdom and Modern Science About the Basis of our Health and Happiness," 2020.

[7] W. 2020ssr, "The Impact of Quantum Mechanics on the Old Paradigm of Physics," 2020.

[8] P. Jacob, "Intentionality," 2003.

[9] E. M. Pothos and J. R. Busemeyer, "Can quantum probability provide a new direction for cognitive modeling?," Behavioral and brain sciences, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 255-274, 2013.

[10] T. Parthasarathi, M. H. McConnell, J. Luery, and J. W. Kable, "The vivid present: visualization abilities are associated with steep discounting of future rewards," Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, p. 289, 2017.

[11] W. 2023, "A Physical Mechanism of the Generation of Stable Positive Kinetic Energy Systems and a Qualitative Explanation of the Proportions of the Four Ingredients in the Universe," 2023.

[12] K. J. Şahin, "Comparison of the effectiveness of project-based 6E learning and problem-based quantum learning: Solomon four-group design," 2024.

[13] S. Manca, V. Cerina, V. Tobia, S. Sacchi, and F. Fornara, "The effect of school design on users’ responses: a systematic review (2008–2017)," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 3453, 2020.

[14] T. Kutluca, M. Yalman, and A. Tum, "Use of interactive whiteboard in teaching mathematics for sustainability and its effect on the role of teacher," Discourse and Communication for Sustainable Education, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 113-132.

[15] T. S. Shoymardon o‘g‘li, "Significance of Innovative Ideas in Pedagogical Education," FAN, TA'LIM, MADANIYAT VA INNOVATSIYA JURNALI| JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, EDUCATION, CULTURE AND INNOVATION, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 159-165, 2024.

The Impact of Music Therapy on Children’s Mental Well-Being

by Ketut Sumerjana

Music therapy is recognized as an effective technique for improving the mental well-being of children, particularly in addressing diverse psychological and emotional challenges. Research increasingly demonstrates that music therapy is efficacious in several contexts, including psychiatric diseases, chronic illnesses, and developmental disabilities. This treatment method has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing communication abilities, elevating self-esteem, mitigating anxiety and despair, and improving general emotional well-being in pediatric populations. By employing music as a therapeutic instrument, proficient therapists can tailor therapies to meet each child's unique needs and preferences, fostering empowerment and self-expression. Active involvement with music enables youngsters to explore and process their emotions within a secure and supportive setting, resulting in notable enhancements in their mental health and overall quality of life [1-3].

Figure: 1 

(Music therapy significantly enhances children's mental health by addressing psychological and emotional challenges, improving communication, self-esteem, and self-expression, thus improving their overall quality of life)

Research indicates that music therapy can significantly reduce psychological discomfort and enhance the general well-being of youngsters. [4] indicate that music therapy interventions, especially in group contexts, may surpass traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy in efficacy for adolescents with psychiatric problems. This corresponds with the findings of [5]. who observed that music therapy is advantageous for children receiving cancer treatment, aiding in the reduction of symptoms such as anxiety and depression. indicated that music therapy promoted significant improvements in physical functioning and activity involvement in children with cancer, highlighting its importance in holistic care. These studies collectively indicate that music therapy can significantly enhance the well-being and quality of life for children and adolescents confronting diverse health difficulties. Music serves as a therapeutic instrument that addresses both psychological and physical ailments, as well as overall functionality. Consequently, incorporating music therapy into treatment regimens for adolescents with psychiatric problems may provide a distinctive and beneficial method for facilitating healing and recovery [2].

 

Figure: 2

(Studies indicate that music therapy can markedly enhance the psychological and physical well-being of children and adolescents, exceeding the efficacy of conventional cognitive-behavioral treatment. It also facilitates cancer therapy and enhances general physical performance)

The social dimension of group music therapy sessions helps foster a sense of community and support for adolescents who may experience isolation or misunderstanding in their challenges. Evidence indicates that music therapy may serve as an effective intervention for enhancing the mental and emotional well-being of young individuals with health issues. Integrating music therapy into treatment regimens can boost emotional control, self-awareness, and coping abilities in young individuals with psychiatric problems. The innovative and non-verbal characteristics of music therapy enable adolescents to articulate themselves in manners that may be challenging through conventional talk therapy alone. Music therapy provides a comprehensive method for rehabilitation that caters to the emotional, social, and cognitive requirements of youth, resulting in improved overall outcomes in their mental health progression [6].

 

Figure: 3

(Group music therapy cultivates community, aids teenagers, and improves mental health, self-awareness, and coping skills, offering a holistic method for recovery)

Furthermore, music therapy has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing particular behavioral and emotional outcomes in children with developmental problems. Research demonstrates that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may get advantages from music therapy in improving social communication and emotional expression [7, 8]. [9] emphasize the significance of the therapeutic environment, indicating that music therapy offers a secure setting for children to articulate their emotions, essential for their emotional development. A systematic evaluation [10] further substantiates the efficacy of music therapy in enhancing communication skills in children with ASD, highlighting its potential as a regular support service [7]. Recent research has indicated the efficacy of music therapy in enhancing social interaction and alleviating anxiety in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder [8]. This comprehensive therapeutic strategy treats the fundamental symptoms of the condition while also emphasizing the development of a robust foundation for emotional health and interpersonal interactions [7].

 

Figure: 4

(Music therapy markedly enhances behavioral and emotional outcomes in children with developmental problems, including Autism Spectrum Disorder, by improving social communication, emotional expression, and fostering emotional well-being and interpersonal interactions)

Integrating music into treatment sessions enables children with ASD to participate in nonverbal expression, promoting a sense of connection and belonging in a nurturing atmosphere [8]. This novel therapeutic method improves social communication and emotional expression, enabling youngsters to acquire vital skills for managing the intricacies of social interactions. It is essential to recognize that certain children may not respond positively to music therapy. A kid with pronounced sensory sensitivities may see music therapy as overpowering and stressful, impeding their capacity to participate successfully in treatment [9]. In these instances, the incorporation of music may intensify the child's difficulties with social communication and emotional expression, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Consequently, it is imperative for therapists and caregivers to meticulously evaluate each child's unique demands and reactions to various therapeutic modalities to deliver the most advantageous treatment [11].

 

Figure: 5

(Music therapy enhances social communication and emotional expression in children with ASD, however it may be overwhelming for those with sensory sensitivities. Therapists must assess each child's individual requirements for optimal therapy)

The physiological impacts of music therapy are also considerable. [4] discovered that music therapies can significantly reduce anxiety and enhance mood in children with chronic illnesses. This is especially pertinent in hospital environments, where music therapy can function as a non-pharmacological intervention to reduce stress and improve the overall patient experience [12]. Furthermore, [13] found evidence in their study of postoperative pain alleviation that music therapy can have a positive impact on children's vital signs and pain management. Music therapy has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing communicative abilities and social relations among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder [7]. Music therapy, through the integration of rhythm, melody, and harmony, facilitates meaningful self-expression and social connection for individuals with ASD. Research has shown that music therapy can improve cognitive functioning and academic achievement in children with learning difficulties [14]. This indicates that music therapy may effectively tackle many developmental difficulties and promote comprehensive growth and well-being in pediatric populations [15].

 

Figure: 6

(Music therapy markedly alleviates anxiety, elevates mood, and promotes pain management in children with chronic diseases, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and cognitive impairments, fostering holistic development and well-being in pediatric populations)

While music therapy can be advantageous for children with ASD and learning impairments, it is essential to acknowledge that not all individuals may respond well to this intervention. Certain children may perceive music as overwhelming or distracting, resulting in possible adverse effects during therapeutic sessions [16]. It is essential for music therapists to meticulously evaluate each child's unique needs and preferences prior to integrating music therapy into their treatment plan. Furthermore, providing a range of therapeutic modalities is crucial to guarantee that each kid gets optimal care [17]. Through a tailored and comprehensive therapeutic approach, music therapists can assist children with ASD and learning difficulties in achieving their maximum potential and enhancing their overall well-being [3].

 

Figure: 7

(Music therapy can be advantageous for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and learning impairments; however, not all individuals may respond well, requiring customized therapeutic approaches)

The use of music therapy in pediatric mental health care offers a viable approach to improving emotional and psychological well-being in children. The data endorses its application as a supplementary remedy that not only tackles mental health issues but also cultivates social skills and emotional expressiveness. As the discipline progresses, additional research will be crucial to enhance therapeutic methodologies and optimize the advantages of music therapy for various pediatric demographics [18]. The ability of music to connect, inspire, and heal is extraordinary, and its influence on children's emotional well-being must not be overlooked [19].

References

[1] M. Overå, "Music therapy in paediatric palliative care: A scoping review," British Journal of Music Therapy, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 58-70, 2023, doi: 10.1177/13594575231196406.

[2] N. Belski, Z. Abdul-Rahman, E. Youn, V. Balasundaram, and D. Diep, "Review: The effectiveness of musical therapy in improving depression and anxiety symptoms among children and adolescents – a systematic review," Child and Adolescent Mental Health, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 369-377, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12526.

[3] I. P. Bacus, H. Mahomed, A.-M. Murphy, M. Connolly, O. Neylon, and C. O’Gorman, "Play, art, music and exercise therapy impact on children with diabetes," Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -), vol. 191, no. 6, pp. 2663-2668, 2022/12/01 2022, doi: 10.1007/s11845-021-02889-5.

[4] S. Kobus, A. M. Buehne, S. Kathemann, A. K. Buescher, and E. Lainka, "Effects of Music Therapy on Vital Signs in Children with Chronic Disease," International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 11, p. 6544, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/11/6544.

[5] E. Momeni Gazestan, A. Heidarei, B. Makvandi, and F. Moradimanesh, "The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Anxiety, Self-esteem, and Social Adjustment of Children With Cancer in Kerman," Hormozgan Medical Journal, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 180-184, 2022/10/10 2022, doi: 10.34172/hmj.2022.31.

[6] Z.-W. Lin, J.-F. Liu, W.-P. Xie, Q. Chen, and H. Cao, "The effect of music therapy on chronic pain, quality of life and quality of sleep in adolescents after transthoracic occlusion of ventricular septal defect," The Heart Surgery Forum, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. E305-E310, 03/26 2021, doi: 10.1532/hsf.3513.

[7] A. Tsirigoti and M. Georgiadi, "The Efficacy of Music Therapy Programs on the Development of Social Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review," Education Sciences, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 373, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/14/4/373.

[8] J.-I. Park et al., "Effects of music therapy as an alternative treatment on depression in children and adolescents with ADHD by activating serotonin and improving stress coping ability," BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 73, 2023/03/06 2023, doi: 10.1186/s12906-022-03832-6.

[9] G. P. Klyve, R. Rolvsjord, and I. B. Elgen, "Polyphonic perspectives: a focus group study of interprofessional staff’s perceptions of music therapy at an inpatient unit for children in mental health care," International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 2197750, 2023/12/31 2023, doi: 10.1080/17482631.2023.2197750.

[10] S. Yanagiwara, T. Yasuda, M. Koike, T. Okamoto, K. Ushida, and R. Momosaki, "Effects of music therapy on functional ability in people with cerebral palsy: a systematic review," Journal of Rural Medicine, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 101-107, 2022, doi: 10.2185/jrm.2022-014.

[11] G. Leschallier De Lisle, A. Oudin, A. Bourla, F. Ferreri, and S. Mouchabac, "Musicotherapy mobile applications: what level of evidence and potential role in psychiatric care? A systematic review," (in English), Frontiers in Psychiatry, Systematic Review vol. 15, 2024-June-07 2024, doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1366575.

[12] M. N. Mahmud, A. Othman, and M. I. Ilias, "Increased behavioural problems associated with corticosteroid use in children with nephrotic syndrome: a Southeast Asian perspective," Singapore Medical Journal, vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 557-562, 2023, doi: 10.11622/smedj.2021128.

[13] A. Montero-Ruiz et al., "Effects of music therapy as an adjunct to chest physiotherapy in children with cystic fibrosis: A randomized controlled trial," PLOS ONE, vol. 15, no. 10, p. e0241334, 2020, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241334.

[14] F. Mina, M. E. S. Darweesh, A. N. Khattab, and S. M. Serag, "Role and efficacy of music therapy in learning disability: a systematic review," The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 31, 2021/04/14 2021, doi: 10.1186/s43163-021-00091-z.

[15] M. Lutmer1, Sribnick3 et al. 2021J Pediatr Intensive Care, "Prothrombin Complex Concentrate Utilization in Children's Hospitals," 2021.

[16] H. Zou and Y. He, "Analysis of the moderating effect of music therapy on autism in the context of big data," Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, 2024, doi: doi:10.2478/amns-2024-0153.

[17] R. B. B. R. Comm, "Effect of Music Therapy for Anxiety in Children," 2020.

[18] S. a. i. s. Sholeh1, "A Children's Music Therapy to Enhance the Self-Esteem of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Elementary School," 2021.

[19] S. 2023LNEP, "Application and Effect of Music Therapy in Autistic Childrens Education," 2023.